Water Indicator Microorganisms
Microorganisms present in wastewater include bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, higher animals and plants. Water quality can be assessed quickly, efficiently and cost-effectively through the use of bio-analytical equipment. The presence and activity of microorganisms can indicate changes in system performance and indicate the source and extent of the problem. About 4% of the microorganisms in wastewater are protozoans, which are single-celled aerobic microorganisms. Protozoa improve wastewater clarity by digesting suspended particles and bacteria. Protozoa are sensitive to temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient availability. The presence of certain protozoans is an indicator of treatment system performance. Nutrient deficiencies and low dissolved oxygen levels will limit the number and abundance of protozoans. Amoeba Amoeba are single-celled protozoans that move by pseudopods. They are usually present in the influent wastewater and only survive for a short time in the activated sludge tank. Amoeba can only reproduce when there are many nutrients in the activated sludge tank. Their food is small organic particles. They move very slowly, so if there is little food in the environment, they will have difficulty getting enough food. When amoeba are present in large numbers, it indicates a phenomenon of too high loading and lack of DO (because they are a group that can tolerate low DO). Ciliates feed on bacteria, while flagellates and bacteria compete with each other for dissolved nutrients, ciliates compete with each other and with rotifers for bacterial resources. The presence of ciliates indicates good effluent quality because it only appears when flocs are formed and most of the organic matter has been removed. There are 3 types of ciliates: Free-swimming ciliates Crawling ciliates Stalked ciliates Flagellates and free-swimming ciliates are present when the density of bacteria in the tank is high, while stalked ciliates are usually present in the tank when the density of bacteria is low. Protozoa play an important role in removing BOD, SS, and the number of bacteria including pathogens. It is found that the number of protozoa and the concentration of CD, SS in the effluent have an inverse relationship,... Metazoa Metazoa are multicellular microorganisms that account for only 1% in wastewater treatment. Metazoa are found in lagoons, they feed on bacteria, algae and protozoa and are affected by toxins. Like protozoa, the presence and activity of metazoa indicate the environment of the treatment system. Rotifers: assist in cleaning wastewater, producing a sticky substance that keeps flocs together. They are often the first to be affected by toxins. Tardigrades: feed on algae and small protozoans, are also sensitive to toxins but can survive in harsh environments. The presence of tardigrades indicates old sludge, low F/M ratio, good BOD degradation and low ammonia levels. Tubiflex: feed on bacteria, protozoans, fungi and other nematodes. Can be found in high numbers in old sludge beds and trickling filters. They tunnel through flocs, slime, and biofilm, increasing oxygen penetration, preventing excess buildup, and keeping it porous. Their presence, growth, and movement are biological factors of long sludge ages and changes in wastewater conditions. They are sensitive to anoxic conditions, and their numbers decrease with warmer temperatures. Like tardigrades, aquatic flatworms can survive extreme humidity and temperatures, but they are sensitive to low dissolved oxygen levels as well as toxins. The presence of nematodes, or mud worms, is a sign of pollution. Water fleas (Daphnia): related to shrimp, are found in clean lagoon wastewater. They consume algae and bacteria and can control TSS problems caused by excessive algae. But they are not without an impact on dissolved oxygen levels. In anoxic environments, they turn pink or red as they produce hemoglobin. Schools of water fleas can leave red streaks in the lagoon, indicating low dissolved oxygen. Water fleas are sensitive to toxins and ammonia. Copepods: are crustaceans found in clean lagoon wastewater that are free of toxins. Copepodes are opportunistic feeders that feed on small organic particles that drift toward them. They thrive in stable wastewater environments with high dissolved oxygen and low bacteria.
ProtozoaFlagellate
This group moves by flagellate and takes food by mouth or absorption through cell walls, they will appear when amoeba disappear and the environment is still rich in dissolved nutrients. Flagellates and bacteria both consume dissolved organic matter. Therefore, when the amount of nutrients decreases, they cannot compete with bacteria so the amount will decrease and the amount will decrease. Important flagellates in wastewater are Bodo ssp., Pleuromonas spp., Monosiga spp., Hexamitus spp., and clusters of Poteriodendron spp. If there are many flagellates in the activated sludge tank, this shows that the wastewater effluent still contains a lot of dissolved organic matter.Ciliates
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